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Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
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Causes of MS
Scientists have learned a great deal about Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in recent years, still, its cause remains elusive. Many investigators believe MS to be an * autoimmune disease - one in which the body, through its immune system, launches a defensive attack against its own tissues.
In the case of MS, it is the nerve-insulating * myelin that comes under assault. Such assaults may be linked to an unknown environmental trigger, perhaps a virus.
Who Gets MS?
Most people experience their first symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) between the ages of 20 and 40, but a diagnosis is often delayed. This is due to both the transitory nature of the disease and the lack of a specific diagnostic test-specific symptoms and changes in the brain must develop before the diagnosis is confirmed.
Although scientists have documented cases of MS in young children and elderly adults, symptoms rarely begin before age 15 or after age 60. Whites are more than twice as likely as other races to develop MS. In general, women are affected at almost twice the rate of men, however, among patients who develop the symptoms of MS at a later age, the gender ratio is more balanced.
MS is five times more prevalent in temperate climates - such as those found in the northern United States, Canada, and Europe - than in tropical regions. Furthermore, the age of 15 seems to be significant in terms of risk for developing the disease - some studies indicate that a person moving from a high-risk (temperate) to a low-risk (tropical) area before the age of 15 tends to adopt the risk (in this case, low) of the new area and vice versa. Other studies suggest that people moving after age 15 maintain the risk of the area where they grew up.
These findings indicate a strong role for an environmental factor in the cause of MS. It is possible that, at the time of or immediately following puberty, patients acquire an infection with a long latency period. Or, conversely, people in some areas may come in contact with an unknown protective agent during the time before puberty. Other studies suggest that the unknown geographic or climatic element may actually be simply a matter of genetic predilection and reflect racial and ethnic susceptibility factors.
Periodically, scientists receive reports of MS "clusters." The most famous of these MS "epidemics" took place in the Faeroe Islands north of Scotland in the years following the arrival of British troops during World War II. Despite intense study of this and other clusters, no direct environmental factor has been identified. Nor has any definitive evidence been found to link daily stress to MS attacks, although there is evidence that the risk of worsening is greater after acute viral illnesses.
Definitions For This Page - In Alphabetical Order
* Autoimmune Disease
Autoimmune disease is a disease in which the body's defense system malfunctions and attacks a part of the body itself rather than foreign matter.
* Myelin
Pronounced - MY-eh-lin
Myelin is a fatty covering insulating nerve cell fibers in the brain and spinal cord, myelin facilitates the smooth, high-speed transmission of electrochemical messages between these components of the central nervous system and the rest of the body. In Multiple Sclerosis (MS), myelin is damaged through a process known as demyelination, which results in distorted or blocked signals.
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References:
NIH Publication No. 96-75
September 1996
www.ninds.nih.gov
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